The Sindhu Jal Sandhi (Indus Water Treaty) is a water-sharing agreement between India and Pakistan, signed on September 19, 1960 in Karachi. The treaty was brokered by the World Bank to resolve disputes over the Indus River system, which flows through both countries.
Key Provisions of the Treaty
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The treaty divided the six rivers of the Indus basin:
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Eastern Rivers (Beas, Ravi, and Sutlej) were allocated to India.
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Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab) were allocated to Pakistan, with India allowed limited use for irrigation, transport, and hydroelectric projects.
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India was permitted to build run-of-the-river projects on the western rivers, ensuring no significant water storage or diversion.
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A transition period of 10 years was granted for Pakistan to develop its water infrastructure before India fully utilized its allocated rivers.
Historical Context and Impact
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The treaty was signed by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistani President Ayub Khan.
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It was one of the most successful water-sharing agreements, surviving multiple conflicts, including the 1965 and 1971 wars.
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However, tensions over water usage and dam construction have led to disputes, with Pakistan raising concerns over Indian hydroelectric projects.
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In April 2025, following a terror attack in Pahalgam, India suspended the treaty, citing security concerns and Pakistan’s alleged support for terrorism.
Current Status
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The treaty remains a point of contention, with discussions on modifications or termination due to evolving geopolitical dynamics.
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India has explored alternative water management strategies, including diverting eastern river waters for domestic use.
